Singapore is one of the world’s most humid countries, with a mean annual relative humidity of 82 per cent and a daily variation ranging from 90 to 60 per cent from mornings to afternoons, frequently reaching 100 per cent during periods of heavy rain.1 This, combined with day temperatures that average up to 33 degrees Celsius2 (with a historic record of 37 degrees in May 20233), results in a challenging climate that demands the adoption of technology to achieve thermal comfort. Famously, founding father Lee Kuan Yew even credited air-conditioning as an enabler of Singapore’s development,4,5 but a sustainable solution to cooling spaces requires holistic built environment strategies.
1The application of sunken gardens helps to passively cool the internal spaces. ...
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